Ecosystems (Interaction and interdependence)
- Populations and communities
- Estimating population size
- Random quadrats: sessile
- Lincoln index (M × N) ÷ R
- Sampling error
- Standard deviation: spread
- Carrying capacity
- Limited resources
- Competition
- Density-dependent negative feedback
- Competition
- Predation
- Pathogens and pests
- Growth curves
- Exponential: J-shape
- Sigmoid: no lag phase
- Log scale: straight line
- Yeast, duckweed
- Intraspecific relationships
- Competition
- Cooperation
- Interspecific relationships
- Herbivory, predation
- Competition, mutualism
- Parasitism, pathogenicity
- Mutualism examples
- Fabaceae root nodules
- Orchid mycorrhizae
- Coral zooxanthellae
- Competition evidence
- Invasive vs endemic
- Lab, field, removal
- Chi-squared association
- Allelopathy, antibiotics
- Estimating population size
- Transfers of energy and matter
- Open ecosystems; sunlight main source
- Closed: energy only
- Caves, deep ocean
- Food chains and webs
- Arrows: energy, biomass
- Decomposers: dead matter
- Autotrophs and heterotrophs
- Photoautotrophs: light
- Chemoautotrophs: oxidation
- Iron-oxidising bacteria
- Digest, then assimilate
- Trophic levels and energy pyramids
- Producer to tertiary
- Varied diets
- kJ m⁻² yr⁻¹
- Energy losses
- Heat from respiration
- Uneaten, undigested
- Few trophic levels
- Production
- Primary: autotrophs
- Secondary: heterotrophs, lower
- g m⁻² yr⁻¹
- Carbon cycle
- Photosynthesis, feeding, respiration
- Sinks and sources
- Combustion of fossil fuels
- Keeling Curve
- Recycling and interdependence
- O₂ and CO₂ fluxes
- All elements recycled
- Decomposers key
- Open ecosystems; sunlight main source